Questionnaire Design for Business Research

Questionnaire Design for Business Research INTRODUCTION: Many businesses, economic and social questions are not amenable to a simple YES or No answer. Every business needs some clarification or discussion. Solutions can be presented and every criterion can be either accepted or rejected. To consider the arguments and indeed the facts presented, the completeness of current information and the requirements for new information need to be assessed. Decision maker not only need the DATA but also need to evaluate the quality of the data. One Dictionary definition of data is ‘things known and from which inferences may be deduced. Data refers to information or facts usually collected as the result of experience, observation or experiment, or processes within a computer system, or premises. Data may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as a lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived. Data in business means numerical values such as size of a business, its profitability, its product range, the features of the workforce and host of other factor. However numbers alone cannot give clear understanding of the business problems therefore it is important to consider the entire factor that affects the business during its existence such as legal, economic, culture and etc. In general business, require a multi disciplinary approach. The completeness of data is always a problem for the decision maker. Collection of data is always vast, but it depends on the decision maker to decide whether the current data is enough or more additional has to be collected. Collection data is a tedious job and costly also. The main issue for the decision maker is that whether the data has some quality information or no. Data that has bias or is misleading can damage any effective decision making process which can further affect the profit in future. Data can be collected by different sources and most people underestimate the number of sources and the amount of data within each of these data: Paper based sourced: It is books, journals, periodicals, abstract, indexes, directories, research reports, conference papers, markets reports, annual reports, internal record, magazines, newspaper. Electronic based sources: CD-ROMs, online database, Internet, videos and broadcast. Pre-collection activity is the most crucial steps in the collection of data. There is always a formal need of checking the data collected so as to ensures that the data collected defined and accurate and the finding in the collection of data are valid and not bias. In this Globalization century it is important to be abreast with the updated information and data so as to have a competitive edge. 1. Company Overview: My research is based on Dominos: Starting in business with his brother James in 1960, Tom Monaghan brought a pizza store named DomiNicks in Ypsilanti, Michigan. A year later, James traded his interest in the store for a Volkswagen. Tom formed another partnership and, during the next three years, continued to open stores in Mt Pleasant, Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti. In 1965 that partnership was dissolved, leaving Tom with one store in Ann Arbor and two in Ypsilanti. When Tom was searching for the name for his new corporation, a driver suggested the name ‘Dominos. The name was adopted and Tom helped create the now familiar red and white three-dot logo. Through hard work and dedicated team, Dominos grew into international leader in the pizza delivery industry, with over 8,000 stores in 50+ markets. December 1998, saw a change in ownership for Dominos pizza when Bain Capital, a Boston based private equity investment firm, purchased Dominos from Mr. Monaghan. The new leadership has brought an even stronger focus to operational quality and growth, as well as renewed commitment to recruiting and developing exceptional people. To forward the goals, David A Brandon was named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Dominos Pizza, LLC in March, 1999. Dominos pizza first opened its UK store in 1985 and has over 500 stores now in UK and Ireland. TASK 1: 1. Sources of Data Collection: Nowadays data collection is become very important in this Economic world .When there are many business ,economic, and social question they are not amendable by a simple yes or no, So here to consider the argument and indeed the ‘facts presented, the completeness of current information and the requirement for new information need to be assessed. According to Jon Curwin and Roger Slater, Third edition 1991, stated that one dictionary definition of data is ‘things known and from which inferences may be induced Appraisal and market studies use two types of data- Primary data and Secondary Data. All the data collected should be current, relevant, accurate and conceptually correct. Primary data and Secondary data are defined in The Dictionary of Real Estate Appraisal as follow: Information that a researcher gathers first hand is primary data. Information from secondary sources i.e. not directly complied by the analyst may include published and unpublished work based on research that relies on primary sources of any material other than primary sources used to be prepare a written work. Decision makers not only data but also the quality of the data because Data that are bias or misleading can damage any effective decision-making process. Whenever we look at data or consider data collection we need to ask ‘what is the problem? or ‘what is the question?Basically there are two types of sources of data 1) Primary Data and 2) Secondary Data. A) PRIMARY DATA: Primary data is facts and information collected specifically for the purpose of the investigation at hand. Primary data is collected specifically to address the problem in question and is conducted by the decision maker, marketing firm, a university and etc. Primary data cannot found elsewhere. Primary data may be collected through surveys, focus groups or in depth interviews, or through experiments such as taste tests. According to Jon Curwin and Roger Slater, Third edition 1991, stated that a statistical enquiry may require the collection of new data, referred to as primary data, or be able to use existing data, Primary data is its collection for a specific project. Advantages: Basic data are included in primary data collection. It is unbiased information It is the information that is collected originally. Disadvantages: Data collected is large in volume It is time consuming Direct and personal intervention has to be there to collect the data The data collected is raw. For example: A distribution census, taken every five years, dealing with retail data Ø Population census which has been carried out in the U.K in every 10years since 1801 ,this exercise gives highly detailed information and reflect data from all part of the population EXAMPLE: Metro Newspaper, Thursday, May 14, 2009. BANKS are slowing down Britains economic recovery by not lending, it was claimed yesterday. The Banks- some of which have been propped up with billions from the taxpayer- are displaying an ‘extreme level of risk aversion when lending to businesses and households, Banks of England governor Mervyn King said. The warning came as the Bank predicted the economy would shrink by 4.5 per cent at the peak of the recession in the summer. Consumer price inflation currently at 2.9 per cent target this year. However, a weak pound, the impact of 0.5 per cent interest rates and government spending offered hope of recovery, Mr King added in his quarterly inflation report. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-934872/Primary-and-secondary-data-concepts.html B) TYPES OF METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA: Questionnaire Interviews Focus Group Interviews 1. Questionnaire: Questionnaire are a popular means of collecting data, but are difficult to design and often require many rewrites before an acceptable questionnaire produced. Questionnaire is the series of question to be asked to an individual so as to obtain statistically useful information about any given task. It became a vital instrument if it is constructed and responsibly administered. It is frequently used in quantitative marketing research and social research. They are valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from large number of individuals, often they are referred to as respondents. Good questionnaire construction is important for the success of a survey. Inappropriate question, incorrect order of question, incorrect scaling, and bad format can make the questionnaire worthless. In order to have a successful questionnaire it is important to have the subset of target respondent to be tested first. Advantages: It can be used as a method in its own right or as a basis for interviewing or a telephone survey. It can be posted, emailed or faxed. It can be used for large volume of people or organization It has wide geographic coverage. It is relatively cheaper No prior arrangements are needed. It avoids embarrassment on the part of the respondent. Respondent can consider responses. There is a possibility of respondent being anonymous There is no Interviews bias. Disadvantages: Designing the questionnaire is a problem Questions have to be relatively simple. It has low response rate. It is time consuming whilst waiting for the response to be returned. It requires return deadline. Several remainders are required while conducting the questionnaire. It assumes no literacy problems. There is no control over who completes the questionnaire. It is not possible to give assistant if required. There is a problem with incomplete questionnaire. The replies are not spontaneous and independent of each other. Respondent can read all questions beforehand and then decide whether to complete or not may be because it is too long complex, uninteresting, or too personal 1.1 SUCCESSFUL QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN: To be successful, a questionnaire needs both a logical structure and well thought out questions. The structure of the questionnaire should have a flow from question to question and from topic to topic, just like the conversation between two people. Any radical jump between questions or topic would create a problem or confusion to the respondent. It is often suggested that a successful and useful technique is to move from general to specific questions on any particular issue. The Gallup organization has suggested that there are five possible objectives for a question: To find if the respondent is aware of the issue To get general feelings on an issue To get answer on specific parts of the issue To get reasons for a respondents views To find how strongly these views are held 1.2 DESIGN OF POSTAL QUESTIONNAIRE: Theme and covering letter: The general theme of the questionnaire should be explicit in a covering letter. You should state who you are, why the data is required, give if necessary, an assurance of confidentially and/or anonymity and contact number and address or telephone number. This ensures that what respondent is known what they are committing. If possible, you should offer estimate time for completion. Instruction for return should be included with the return date made obvious. Instruction for completion: You need to provide clear and unambiguous instruction for completion. There should be a general instruction for particular question structure. The response method should be indicated (circle, tick, cross and etc). Even example can be given to make question clearer. Appearance: Appearance is the first thing which the recipient reacts. A neat and professional look will encourage further consideration of request, increasing your response. To improve the questionnaire appearance: Liberal spacing makes the reading easier. Photo reduction can produce more space without reducing content. Consistent positioning of response boxes, usually to the right speeds up completion. Choose the font style to maximize legibility Differentiate between instruction and question. Length The length of the questionnaire should not be that long because this could affect the completion of it and respondent may be uninterested to complete. Order: The most important and crucial stage in questionnaire is the beginning. Once the respondents have started to complete the question they will normally finish provided if it not too long or difficult. Coding: It is advisable non numerical responses when designing the questionnaire rather than trying to code the responses when they are returned. Thank you: Respondents to questionnaire rarely benefits personally from their efforts and the least the researcher can do is to thank them. Even though the covering letter will express appreciation for the help given, but it is always advisable to thank the respondent at the end of the questionnaire. Question: Question asked should be short, simple and to the point avoid any unnecessary words. It shouldnt confuse the respondent as it could affect the completion of questionnaire. Types of Questions: Contingency question: A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question. This avoids asking questions of people that do not apply to them. Matrix question: Identical response categories to multiple questions. The question are placed one under the other, forming a matrix with response categories along the top and a list of question down the side. This is efficient use of page space and respondents time. Close ended question: Respondents answers are very limited to a fixed set of responses. Other types of closed ended question include: Yes or No question: The respondent answer with a ‘yes or a ‘no. Multiple choices: The respondents are given with several options from which to choose. Scaled question: Responses are graded on a scale for e.g. rate the food quality scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being the least preferred and with 10 being most preferred. Open ended question: No option or predefined categories are suggested. The respondent gives their own answer without being constrained by fixed set of possible responses. 2) Interviews: Interviewing is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivation for people attitudes, preferences or behavior. Interviews can be undertaken one to one basis or in group. There different types of interview that can be conducted such as personal interview and telephone interview. Interviews can be structured, semi structured and unstructured. A personal interview has a serious approach by respondent resulting in accurate information. It has good response rate with completed and immediate. Interviewer can also give help to the interviewee if in case it requires some help. There is need to the setup interviews. It is time consuming and expensive. Interviewer can even ask some personal question which could be embarrassing for the respondent. Telephone interview is an alternative form of interview to the personal, face to face interview. It is relatively cheaper, quick and has wider coverage. It has high rate of spontaneous response. Telephone interview is often connected with selling. It often requires questionnaire. Time is wasted if lines get disconnected and if call backs are given it could make the respondent irritate. A strong telephone manner is needed to handle the question raised by the respondent. 3) Focus Group interview: A focus group is an interview conducted by a trained moderator with a small group of respondent. The moderator starts the discussion and then leads the same. The main purpose of the focus groups is to get the insight or complete knowledge by listening to a group of people from the targeted market about the specific issues of interest. SECONDARY DATA: All methods of data collection can supply quantitative data or qualitative data. When using secondary research, one must be caution when using dated information from the past. Secondary data is facts and information gathered not for the immediate study at hand but for the purpose. Secondary data is data which has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other those of our particular research study. Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, large surveys and organizational records. Secondary data is a data which is collected from primary data to create new research. A secondary data source is a summary of a book or set of records. Secondary data, Sources of primary data include observation, group discussions and the use of questionnaires. Advantages: It is easily accessible and saves time that would otherwise be required for collecting data. The cost to access secondary data is little or no cost to acquire. Secondary data helps to clarify the research focus or question. Disadvantages: Quality of research is questionable because the secondary data is originated from primary data research which is collected and controlled by the marketer itself. In many cases, secondary data is not well presented in a form that exactly meets the researchers needs. In secondary research, much information is incomplete because the researcher may not get the full version of the research to gain the full value of the study. This is because many researcher suppliers offers free portions of their research and then charge expensive fees for their full reports. Example: Data collected by the hotels or the organization through its history system. Data supplied by a marketing organization Annual company reports Government statistics Secondary Data Analysis: Secondary data analysis is commonly known as second hand analysis. It is simply analysis of pre-existed data in a different way to answer a different question than originally needed. It analysis the data that was collected by someone else and uses it in for further study that is intended to complete. Secondary data can be gathered by internal and external source of data collection. Where internal sources includes sales data, reports data, financial data, Transport data, storage data and external sources includes government statistics, trade association, and commercial services There are common sources of collecting secondary data such as from Bureau of the census, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and various other agencies. Example: U.S Bureau of the census has kept track of the census of the population for over two hundred years. Moreover, the census includes housing, the labor force, manufacturers, business, agriculture and so on. Census data can be used for various research questions. Anyone has access to the large amount of information nearly one hundred surveys, by visiting their website at (http://www.census.gov). Bureau of Labor Statistics collects information or data on employment, industrial relations, prices, earning, living condition, technology and productivity. Report is out every month in this bureau and they can be viewed at (http://stats.bls.gov ) International Data Sources is a strong source for comparative researchers and can deal with economic aspects, including political events across many other nations. In Europe, a Euro barometer Survey Series is used to publish reports on social and political events in the country. The Design and purpose of research: Secondary data analysis means collecting the data which is collected by some other person and using the same data for understanding the current issue or problem face by the researcher. It is important to have a well defined research type which in turn would help the research to be successful. In order to use the secondary data three steps must be completed: Locate the data Evaluate the data Verify the data Collecting data is easy online but to verify the data whether they care up-to-date or current is important. Therefore it is important to be alert and cautious while using the online sources while collecting the data Example: Ethnicity, discrimination and health outcomes: a secondary analysis of hospital data from Victoria, Australia In this study, secondary data was used in the form of hospital discharge abstract for the state of Victoria in Australia. The variables that were looked at were a persons country of birth and the quality of care they received in a universal health care system. It was secondary data because it had already been collected by the hospital in the way of their charts and discharge abstracts. The researchers were simply looking at the data and the relationship between the listed country of birth and what type of care was listed. The goal of the research was to explore the relationship between a person ethnic background and the amount of care they received from the hospital. The researchers were interested in developing a preliminary set of data that would allow them to develop methods to study the issue further. The discharge abstract contained demographic and clinical information about each patient. From the abstract the researcher separated the patient into three groups. The first being Australian or English patients. The second group consisted of patients who did not visibly appear to be minority e.g. people from Europe, South and Central American. The third group contained people that were visible minorities e.g. Middle Easterners, Asians, Africans and Pacific Islanders. Dominos strives to excel in customers satisfaction. Its major competitors are Perfect Pizza with over 200 outlets, Pizza Hut with over 170 restaurants and also small pizza delivery business; it is believed that there are as many as 4,000 pizza delivery companies in UK. It is important to have updated knowledge about the market so as to survive the recession. Dominos store in UK conducted the questionnaire to have clear idea about the market needs and customer expectation. DOMINOS PIZZA 315 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4HH Telephone: 020 8995 4555 http://www.dominos.uk.com/people/Current_Positions.aspx TASK 2: TECHNIQUES TO ANALYSE DATA: Data which is collected needs to be analyzed and then interpreted or technique to presented in the form that is self explanatory and easily understandable. Therefore, it is important to know the process that is included in process of analyzing the data. Data analysis is the process of gathering, modeling, and transforming data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusion and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple ways, approaches and technique. The main task is to interpret the information or the data that is collected. There are various ways to interpret the data in a simple for easy understanding. Interpretation of data is important for making a decision for the business. There are different ways or methods how a data can be interpreted, that is: Method1: Graphical presentation Method 2: Mean, Median and Mode Method 3: Quartile, percentile and Standard deviation. Method 1: Graphically presentation: The easiest way to present the data is through graphs and diagrams. There are different graphical presentations that are used for interpreting the data or presenting the data. To show the relationship between two variables we use graphs and diagrams. Using graph can have quick and direct understanding. It highlights the most important facts. It gives easy understanding of the data and can have a long lasting impression. Graph can be used when the data is dispersed, few or numerous and has little or no variation. Below is the detail for the local garage which is facing the fierce competition and wants to compete in the market with the reasonable prices. HISTOGRAM: Histogram is the popular graphing tool. It is used to explain discrete or continuous data that are measured on an interval scale. It is often used to present the distribution of data that is collected for the purpose. It divides the range of values in the data set into group classes. Histogram is more similar to vertical bar graph but when the data are continuous, there are no gaps between the bars. When the variables are discrete, gaps should be left the between the bars. In histogram, frequency is measured by the area of the column and in a vertical bar graph; frequency is measured by the height of the bar. Histogram graphically shows: Center (i.e. the location) of the data Spread (i.e. the scale) of the data skewness of the data presence of outliers and Presence of multiple modes in the data. The most common form of the histogram is taken by dividing the range of data into equal classes. That is, Vertical axis: frequency Horizontal axis: Response variable The histogram is a popular graphing tool used in the presentation of the data. It is used to summaries discrete or continuous data that are measured on an interval scale. It is often used to represent the major features of the distribution of the data in an easy form. The October costs of the garage. In the data the costs of the servicing may be grouped into classes as follow: Tabulated (grouped) continuous data Method 2: Mean, Median and Mode are the most commonly used forms of average for the most business data. Each has its own characteristics, and whilst it will be possible to use them interchangeably with some data sets, for others there will be a single average which will be most appropriate. One consideration will be the type of the data with which we are dealing is it categorical, ordinal or cardinal; secondly we must ask if the data is discrete or continuous. 2.1 Mean: The arithmetic mean is the name used for the simple average which you can already calculate. Almost everyone understands this average and thus it will succeed in communicating the concepts of the location of the data to a wide range of people. It does not apply to the apply to the categorical data and its interpretation when used with ordinal data is to open to considerable doubt. When used with discrete data it may give an answer which cannot occur, for example fractional number of people. This is the most commonly used average. The mean is calculated by adding the given values and then dividing the sum by the number of addends. Potential Problem: If you have a large number of small values with a few very large values in your sample, mean averages get skewed: the mean is nearer to the bigger values even though the small values there are smaller numbers. If you have a few small values and a few large values, the mean average can get skewed this way too. If you have one, or more, outlying values that do not follow the general trend of the numbers in a sample, the mean average can be affected more dramatically than intended. There are different ways of calculating Mean in different Data: 2.1.a) Untabulated data: Suppose that there are number of people were 7, 5, 6, 7 and 8. To calculate the mean, we would add all the numbers together to find the total number of people taken, and then divide by the number of values included. Here, the mean would be: That is, / 5 =33/5 =6.6

The Most Affordable Vacation for a College Student :: Research Papers Travel Essays

The Most Affordable Vacation for a College Student In December, my boyfriend is heading to Iraq to fight for his country and for all of us in the United States. We have decided together, that upon his arrival home, we will reward ourselves with a vacation. The question we both had though was where should we take this vacation? We both believe that next year will be a really hard time for both of us, being separated for at least a year. I have decided to take the initiative to research our possible destinations with the most affordable rates. Together, we narrowed our choices down and decided to vacation in Hawaii or an island in the Bahamas. So with this information, I decided to research the locations of our choice to help us finalize our decision. The first thing I did was decide to research Maui, Hawaii. I have heard many great things about Hawaii, and thought that this would make a great report. I gathered information online, comparing airline prices, hotel prices and also attractions in Maui. To gather even more information, I traveled to the travel agency in which I belong to, AAA’s where I received a lot of great catalogs on Maui. I did not know definitely where I was going with this project, but decided to research the information. I discovered that Hawaii was just a little bit out of a college student’s budget, even if saving for a year. So I thought I would compare and research the Bahamas, our other choice. I once again started online, researching much like I did with Hawaii. This time when I traveled to AAA’s, I talked to Sharon Biggs, a very helpful travel agent. She gave me brochures explaining about the two islands in the Bahamas. She told me that because I was under the age of 21, the better vacation choice was the Bahamas over Hawaii. When we travel on our vacation, my boyfriend will be over 21, but I will not. The age of 21 meaning, I could not drink, but he could. My final step was to call my aunt and uncle, who have traveled to the Bahamas, Mexico, Bermuda, and taken several cruises. I wanted to receive their insight on the location that I had chosen. They were very reliable in the sense that they travel often and I have not been to all the places that they have been to.

Anger, a Deadly Sin

The seven deadly sins include Pride, Greed, Envy, Anger, Lust, Gluttony, and Sloth. One of the seven deadly sins that I have suffered from is Anger. Anger is termed as being deeply resentful indignation and may include being impatient with the faults of others. Both of these come into play in the events that unraveled that one night in Charlotte, N. C. The following events occurred late on a Thursday night, whilst there was still a LOL autumn breeze blowing the leaves from their initial resting place, in downtown Charlotte.As I approached the epicenter, the main nightlife area in Charlotte, I could taste the crispness in the air and knew that tonight would indeed be memorable. I went to the door of one of the popular local drinking holes and proceeded inside with my friends close behind. Soon after we entered you could tell that the crisp air was left outside and replaced with a rather uncomfortably humid haze. As we headed peer into the building the haze became natural and the influ x of people around us seemed unimportant.We walked up to the bar counter and ordered our drinks. We then continued to walk around and converse with the rest of the people inside. As the night progressed the effects of alcohol were taking its toll on some of the other people in the bar. Just as I was walking outside to get some fresh air someone bumped into me and spilt their drink all over my shirt and pants. This was the point that I couldn't control myself and broke one of the sins. I then pushed the other guy over and he fell down on the floor.I stormed off to the bathroom to dry off the stain that would of other wised been noticeable to everyone in the bar. We continued to catch glimpses of each other as the night progressed. I'd keep catching him looking in my direction and finally proceeded to confront him about the situation. Words were then exchanged and tempers began to flare. I don't know what overcame me but I began to go into a fit of rage. After making a scene we were t hen kicked out of the bar. This outcome was negative because it led to an early end to the night.It also led to further fits of rage on our way back home afterwards. I began to get heated with the same friends that had come with me. The consequences for my actions were few but it did lead to my enlightenment on how to control my temper. Once I realized that I needed to take steps to develop self-control I looked up different ways to relax and relive stress. Some of the steps that I began to use were sticking to a firm workout schedule and having times of the day Just to relax.There were no lingering implications following the event due to the fact that once I got kicked out no one else became involved. I was unfortunately consumed by the deadly sin of Anger. As the term states I was overcome with deep resentful indignation and it all started with the fault by the other man in the bar. After all that occurred suffering from the sin of Anger only led the need for self-control. The mor al of this story is that it is better to handle situations in a peaceful manner rather than being overtaken by anger.

Word Choice in English Composition and Literature

Word Choice in English Composition and Literature The words a writer chooses are the building materials from which he or she constructs any given piece of writing- from a poem to a speech to a thesis on thermonuclear dynamics. Strong, carefully chosen words (also known as diction) ensure that the finished work is cohesive and imparts the meaning or information the author intended. Weak word choice creates confusion and dooms a writers work either to fall short of expectations or fail to make its point entirely. Factors That Influence Good Word Choice When selecting words to achieve the maximum desired effect, a writer must take a number of factors into consideration: Meaning: Words can be chosen for either their denotative meaning, which is the definition youd find in a dictionary or the connotative meaning, which is the emotions, circumstances, or descriptive variations the word evokes.Specificity: Words that are concrete rather than abstract are more powerful in certain types of writing, specifically academic works and works of nonfiction. However, abstract words can be powerful tools when creating poetry, fiction, or persuasive rhetoric.Audience: Whether the writer seeks to engage, amuse, entertain, inform, or even incite anger, the audience is the person or persons for whom a piece of work is intended.Level of Diction: The level of diction an author chooses directly relates to the intended audience. Diction is classified into four levels of language: Formal which denotes serious  discourseInformal which denotes relaxed but polite conversationColloquial which denotes language in everyday usageSlang which denotes new, often highly informal words and phrases that evolve as a result sociolinguistic constructs such as age, class, wealth status, ethnicity, nationality, and regional dialects. Tone: Tone is an authors attitude toward a topic. When employed effectively, tone- be it contempt, awe, agreement, or outrage- is a powerful tool that writers use to achieve a desired goal or purpose.Style: Word choice is an essential  element in the style of any writer. While his or her audience may play a role in the stylistic choices a writer makes, style is the unique voice that sets one writer apart from another. The Appropriate Words for a Given Audience To be effective, a writer must choose words based on a number of factors that relate directly to the audience for whom a piece of work is intended. For example, the language chosen for a dissertation on advanced algebra would not only contain jargon specific to that field of study; the writer would also have the expectation that the intended reader possessed an advanced level of understanding in the given subject matter that at a minimum equaled, or potentially outpaced his or her own. On the other hand, an author writing a childrens book would choose age-appropriate words that kids could understand and relate to. Likewise, while a contemporary playwright is likely to use slang and colloquialism to connect with the audience, an art historian would likely use more formal language to describe a piece of work about which he or she is writing, especially if the intended audience is a peer or academic group. Choosing words that are too difficult, too technical, or too easy for your receiver can be a communication barrier. If words are too difficult or too technical, the receiver may not understand them; if words are too simple, the reader could become bored or be insulted. In either case, ​the message falls short of meeting its goals . . . Word choice is  also a consideration when communicating with receivers for whom English is not the primary language [who] may not be familiar with colloquial English. (From Business Communication, 8th Edition, by A.C. Krizan, Patricia Merrier, Joyce P. Logan, and Karen Williams. South-Western Cengage, 2011) Word Selection for Composition Word choice is an essential element for any student learning to write effectively. Appropriate word choice allows students to display their knowledge, not just about English, but with regard to any given field of study from science and mathematics to civics and history. Fast Facts: Six Principles of Word Choice for Composition Choose understandable words.Use specific, precise words.Choose strong words.Emphasize positive words.Avoid overused words.Avoid obsolete words.(Adapted from Business Communication, 8th Edition, by A.C. Krizan, Patricia Merrier, Joyce P. Logan, and Karen Williams. South-Western Cengage, 2011) The challenge for teachers of composition is to help students understand the reasoning behind the specific word choices theyve made and then letting the students know whether or not those choices work. Simply telling a student something doesnt make sense or is awkwardly phrased wont help that student become a better writer. If a students word choice is weak, inaccurate, or clichà ©d, a good teacher will not only explain how they went wrong but ask the student to rethink his or her choices based on the given feedback. Word Choice for Literature Arguably, choosing effective words when writing literature is more complicated than choosing words for composition writing. First, a writer must consider the constraints for the chosen discipline in which they are writing. Since literary pursuits as such as poetry and fiction can be broken down into an almost endless variety of niches, genres, and subgenres, this alone can be daunting. In addition, writers must also be able to distinguish themselves from other writers by selecting a vocabulary that creates and sustains a style that is authentic to their own voice. When writing for a literary audience, individual taste is yet another huge determining factor with regard to which writer a reader considers a good and who they may find intolerable. Thats because good is subjective. For example, William Faulker and Ernest Hemmingway were both considered giants of 20th-century American literature, and yet their styles of writing could not be more different. Someone who adores Faulkners languorous stream-of-consciousness style may disdain Hemmingways spare, staccato, unembellished prose, and vice versa.

calculus differentiation essays

calculus differentiation essays Another way to consider the differentiation is to explain it using graphs. Some functions have curved graphs. In these curved graphs, when x is increased by a small number dx, y can be increased or decreased (depends on the type of the equation) by dy. If we suppose that the amount of increment dx is so small that the curved pattern is almost the same as a straight line, then the ratio of the dy and dx is the slope of the curve. Although we found the slope of the curve, technically we didnt find the slope of the entire curve. Because a curved pattern graph, the slope is changing constantly the slope we found is technically the slope of the curve at a specific point. At specific point if curve is sloping upward by 45 degree dy/dx is one, steeper than 45 degree greater than 1, less steep than 45 degree less than 1. Some curved graphs have a combination of positive and negative slopes and the point where the sign of slope changes is called local minimum or local maximum. Also using the technique to find the differentiation, we can also find the slopes of curves by just looking at the equation. We can also use the differentiation method to find when the y value reaches its maximum or minimum. Sometimes, when the maximum point or the minimum point, is a whole number it is easier to find the value. However, if the value is not the whole number it is much harder to find in a guess and check way. We can use the property from the last chapter to find out this value. Last chapter we learned that at maximum or minimum point the value of dy/dx equals 0. Therefore, if we know the equation of the function find the value of dy over dx which would be another equation contains x. Then set the latter equation equal to zero and solve for x. Then we can simply chug the x value to the original equation to find the y value. Then to determine whether the value is the minimum or the maximum, substitute a number very close to the x value and find y va...

The approach to disclosure in the Companies Act 2006 is preoccupied Essay

The approach to disclosure in the Companies Act 2006 is preoccupied with one audience, shareholders - Essay Example The obvious way for companies to prove legitimacy to the wider class of stakeholders is through reporting requirements. Unfortunately, the Companies Act 2006, while recognizing the social contract between the company and stakeholders, does not make social and environmental reporting mandatory. A close reading of the relevant sections of the 2006 Act reveals that environmental and social reporting are entirely voluntary. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the Companies Act 2006 has shifted momentum in favour of stakeholder theory to the principle of shareholder primacy. Clark and Knight argue that the disclosure requirements contained in the Companies Act 2006 appear to meet the needs of shareholder and while they may appear to meet the needs of stakeholders, the disclosure requirements are motivated by the market value of the corporation rather than expanding the concept of corporate social responsibility. In this regard, the disclosure requirements of the Companies Act 2006 speaks to informing the shareholders of the company rather than to all stakeholders. Essentially, companies, may if they wish, inform stakeholders of their social and environmental activities and policies, while they must inform shareholders of their financial activities and policies. This is symptomatic of the ambiguous approach taken by the Companies Act 2006 to stakeholder and shareholder primacy.

CSR- Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

CSR- Accounting - Essay Example Numerous multidimensional and global issues are inculcated in its umbrella that has strategic implications for the business and its policy makers. It is concerned not only with what the business does with its profits but also with how it obtains them. Corporate social responsibility, in other words, addresses how the company manages its economic, social and environmental impacts along with its stakeholder’s relationships in all the key spheres of influence (SEEP, 2009). With the modern advent of the concept of corporate social responsibility, it is now expected of the businesses and the companies in general to be transparent and accountable in terms of their social performance. This idea of corporate social responsibility both reflects as well as drives the societies’ changing customs along with the social roles the businesses are expected to play (SEEP, 2009). In other words corporate social responsibility is basically about what the organizations do in order to be socially responsible. It encompasses the way the company’s managers respond to the diverse expectations that its stakeholders have from the company in terms of stakeholder management, issues management, as well as environmental scanning (Black, 2006). In view of the neo-liberal economists the concept of its contribution to the society was thought completely absurd. Despite the formation of a welfare state in the post war years, notable efforts had started initiating for engaging the businesses in society. However, increasing constraints were put on social aspirations of businesses following the expansion of corporate economy throughout 1940’s and 50’s. While, 1970 onwards the general interest of businesses towards corporate responsibility started to rise again which was finally consolidated in the 1980’s (Marinetto, 1999). Corporate social responsibility got developed due to the extension of a few contributing factors, such as the advent of the